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1) Use the noun "féad" in the conditional:
D'fhéadfainn é a dhéanamh - I could do it/I could have done it
2) Use "cóir" or "ceart" with the conditional copula and do:
"Ba chóir duit fanacht" - You should stay "Ba cheart duit fanact" - You should stay
3) I would have is covered by the conditional of the verb. Unlike English, Irish, afaik, has no distinction between "I would do it" and "I would have done it"
4) There's several ways to say "want". The one I'd recommend going with is using a phrasal verb "tá X ó Y".
So to say I wanted x, you'd say "Bhí X uaim".
5) I'd use teastaigh X ó Y here:
"I needed it" - Theastaigh sé uaim
6) Bhí a fhios agam, if you're talking about general knowledge.
7) Odds are you're gonna want the copula in this case, though, of course, if you're saying something like "It isn't cold", you'd use bí.
So, if you're saying a (pro)noun isn't aother noun: Ní hea
(Is he a doctor. No).
If a (pro)noun is adjective: Níl
(Is it cold? No)
8. You'd use nach raibh for non-copula sentences.
9. Ní gach lá a ... with a relative clause
10. Tá fios/eolas uaim.
I'm not a native speaker though, and others might have better suggestions
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