adhraim, adhradh: “to worship, adore”. Pronounced /əirimʹ, əirə/. aeire: “shepherd”, or aoire in GCh. This word was traditionally written aodhaire, but the spelling change of the mid‑twentieth century has produced a GCh spelling that yields an incorrect pronunciation for speakers of Munster Irish. Pronounced /e:rʹi/. aghaidh: “face”, pronounced /əigʹ/. Aghaidh a thabhairt air, “to make for a place/person”. Aifreann: “Mass”, pronounced /afʹirʹən/. aigne: “mind”, pronounced /agʹinʹi/. airím, aireachtaint: “to hear”, or airím, aireachtáil in GCh. Pronounced /a'rʹi:mʹ, i'rʹaxtintʹ/. aithne: “acquaintance, recognition”, pronounced /ahinʹi/. amen: “Amen”, or áiméan in GCh. The pronunciation is given in IWM as /amʹenʹ/, but in LASID as /amən/. amhlaidh: “thus, so”, pronounced /auligʹ/, but often reduced to /aulə/. amhras: “doubt; suspicion over something”, pronounced /aurəs/. Gan amhras, “no doubt; for sure”. an‑dleathach: “illegal, unlawful”, pronounced /'ɑn'dlʹahəx/. The GCh spelling is aindleathach. annró: “hardship”; pronounced /au'ro:/. anois: “now”; pronounced /i'nʹiʃ/. anso: “here”, or anseo in GCh; pronounced /ən'so/. aoibhneas: “bliss, delight”, pronounced /i:vʹinʹəs/. araon: “both”, pronounced /ə're:n/. árd: “high, tall”, with the comparative here aoirde where airde would stand in GCh. arís: “again”, with a slender r, /i'rʹi:ʃ/. bainim, baint: “to take from”, and other meanings. Pronounced /binʹimʹ, bintʹ/. bréagnaím, bréagnú: “to contradict, deny, refute”; pronounced /brʹiagə'ni:mʹ, brʹiagə'nu:/. breithním, breithniú: “to consider, examine, observe, reflect on; judge”, breathnaím, breathnú in GCh. Pronounced /brʹenʹ'hi:mʹ, brʹenʹ'hu:/. However, Seanachas Amhlaoibh (p335) has do bhreathnaíos; both forms seem to have co‑existed in WM. brí: “meaning”. This word is masculine here, but feminine in GCh. ca: “where? where from?” Cá is adjusted to ca, to show a short vowel, with bhfuil. caileann: “calends; the first of the month”. The genitive has a double l, coille, through assimilation of the n to the l (cailne>caille). Hence, Lá Coille, “New Year's Day”. The nominative and genitive are pronounced /kalʹən, kilʹi/. cainnt: “speech”, or caint in GCh. The traditional double n is preserved here to show the diphthong, /kaintʹ/. canad: “where?”, or cá háit? in GCh. cásaím, cásamh: “to lament”. cathain: “when?”, pronounced /kə'hinʹ/. cathair: “city”, with cathrach in the genitive (singular and plural). Pronounced /kɑhirʹ, kɑhərəx/. cead cínn: “free rein, liberty”, here of free rein being given to evil desires. ceisneamh: “to grumble, complain”. cheana: “already”, pronounced /hɑnə/. cimeádaim, cimeád: “to keep”, or coimeádaim, coimeád in GCh. Note that the distinction shown in FGB between coimeád, “keep”, and coimhéad, “watch over”, does not obtain in WM Irish. cograim/cograím, cogarnach: “to whisper”; pronounced /kogərimʹ~kogə'ri:mʹ, kogərnəx/. When governed by ag, the verbal noun becomes ag cognarnaigh. coínsias: “conscience”, pronounced /ki:nʃəs/. coitianta: “regularly”. Pronounced /ko'tʹiəntə/. colann: “body”, with colainn in the dative, which form is used in the nominative in GCh. cómharsa: “neighbour”, pronounced /ko:rsə/. Note the genitive (singular and plural) cómharsan. cosmhail: “like, resembling”. IWM §361 shows the pronunciation /kosvilʹ/. cruinne: “universe, world”. cuid: “share, portion”. Cuid na cómharsan, “something that belongs to your neighbour”. cuímhním, cuímhneamh: “to think, reflect, consider”, pronounced /ki:'nʹi:mʹ, ki:nʹəv/. cúntúirt: “danger”, or contúirt in GCh. cúntúrthach: “dangerous”, or contúirteach in GCh. cúram: “care”. There is no plural of this word. Mórán cúraim means “a lot of cares/things to do”. deimhne: “certainty”, pronounced /dʹəinʹi/. Deimhne ' thabhairt do, “to give proof to”. deinim, déanamh: “to do, make”, or déanaim, déanamh in the GCh. deirineach: “last, final”, or deireanach in GCh. A number of spellings of this word exist: PUL's spelling indicated it was pronounced /dʹerʹinʹəx/, whereas AÓL is believed to have had /dʹerʹənəx/. diaidh: “wake, rear”, pronounced /dʹiəgʹ/. Rud d'fhágaint it dhiaidh, “to leave something behind you”. díth: “loss or lack of something”. Díth céille, “lack of common sense”. FGB has díchiall in this sense. diúid: “stump”. Greim diúid, “a vice‑like grip”. This is greim dúide in FGB. CFBB (p89) shows some speakers of WM Irish had greim dúide, while others had greim diúid (this was the usual form found in PUL's works). The form diúid may derive from a linking by folk etymology of dḯuit, which meant “sincere, single-minded; simple, not compound” in Old Irish, with dúid, “stump”. dó': “hope, expectation;”, or dóigh in GCh. Is dó' leat, “ you think”. doircheacht: “darkness”, pronounced /dorʹihəxt; dorchacht in GCh. domhan: “world”; pronounced /doun/. Domhnach: “Sunday”. Lá Domhnaigh, “on Sunday”, pronounced /lɑ: dounigʹ/. droch-mhian: “evil desire”. This is masculine here, with droch-mhiana in the genitive. Mian is feminine in FGB. drúis: “lust”. dúthaigh: “land, region, district”, pronounced /du:higʹ/. This corresponds to dúiche in GCh. Eabhra: “Hebrew”, pronounced /aurə/. eagla: “fear”; pronounced /ɑgələ/. This is masculine here, but feminine in GCh. eaglais: “church”. An eaglais is pronounced /ən 'ɑgəliʃ/, with a broad n (see CFBB, p270). éirím, éirí: “to rise”. This word is pronounced /əi'rʹi:mʹ, əi'rʹi:/ in WM Irish, and all cognates have /əi/ too. eólas: “knowledge”. Eólas a dhéanamh do, “to serve as a guide to”. eólgaiseach: “knowledgeable”, or eolach in GCh. fáidh: “prophet”, pronounced /fɑ:gʹ/. faillí: “neglect” (i rud). féachaim, féachaint: “to look (at)”. Féachaint chút, “to watch out (for yourself)”. feall: “deceit, evil, betrayal”, pronounced /fʹaul/. fiafraím, fiafraí: “to ask (a question of someone)”, used with de. Pronounced /fʹiər'hi:mʹ, fʹiər'hi:/. fuiligim, folag/fulag: “to suffer, endure”, or fulaingím, fulaingt in GCh. Pronounced /filʹigʹimʹ, foləg~fuləg/. gabhaim, gabháil: “to take; go” and a large range of other meanings, pronounced /goumʹ, gvɑ:lʹ/. Gabháil de chosaibh i rud, “to kick something”, and, by extension, “to spurn something”. gheibhim, fáil: “to get, find; find out, realise”, pronounced /jəimʹ, fɑ:lʹ/. glaeim, glaoch: “to call”, or glaoim, glaoch in GCh. This is one of a large number of words where the mid-20th century spelling change has produced a form that yields the incorrect pronunciation in WM Irish. Duine ' ghlaoch chun an chúntais, “to call someone to account”. gléigeal: “sparkling, pure white”. glóire: “glory”, or glóir in GCh. greim: “grip”, pronounced /grʹəimʹ/. inniu: “today”, /i'nʹuv/. The final consonant heard in the pronunciation is left untranscribed, as it was not indicated in the historical orthography and is not indicated in the spelling adopted in GCh. The spelling aniogh was found in the works of Seathrún Céitinn in the 17th century. isteach: “inside” (with motion), pronounced /iʃ'tʹax/. Iúdach: “Jew”; more generally Giúdaíoch. iúntach: “wonderful”, or iontach in GCh. Pronounced /u:ntəx/. labhraim, labhairt: “to speak”, or labhraím, labhairt in GCh. Pronounced /lourimʹ, lourtʹ/. láithreach: “presently, without delay; present”, pronounced /lɑ:rʹhəx/. leanbh: “child”, pronounced /lʹanəv/. léannta: “learned”, pronounced /lʹe:ntə/. leogaim, leogaint: “to let, allow”, or ligim, ligean in GCh. Rud a leogaint ort leat féin, “ to admit something to yourself”. lorg: “searching”, pronounced /lorəg/. mainnséar: “manger”, pronounced /main'ʃe:r/. marbh: “dead”; pronounced /mɑrəv/. méid: “amount”. Méid resists lenition in PUL's Irish in this meaning. This often corresponds to “what/that” in English: sa méid atá ráite agam, “in what I have said”. PUL commented on this word in a letter to Risteárd Pléimeann dated November 29th 1917 and held in the G1,277 (1) collection of manuscripts in the National Library of Ireland: “An mhéid = ‘the bigness' or ‘the size', where méid is a definite thing. An méid seo = ‘this much' or ‘thus much', where méid expresses, not ‘size' in itself, but the amount or degree of magnitude in something”. míorúilteach: “miraculous”, pronounced /mʹi:'ru:lʹhəx~mʹi:'ru:lʹəx/. Muire Mháthair: “the Virgin Mary”. Máthair is lenited as it is seen as adjectival. mura: “if not, unless”. Mura and mara are found in PUL's works, where GCh has muna. Nollaig: “Christmas”, with Nollag in the genitive. Lá Nollag Beag, “the Feast of the Epiphany, January 6th”. nú: “or”, or nó in GCh, pronounced /nu:/. oirim, oiriúnt: “to suit, fit”; pronounced /irʹimʹ, i'rʹu:ntʹ/. Impersonally, oireann dom, “I need, require”. ollmhaím, ollmhú: “to prepare”, or ullmhaím, ullmhú in GCh. Pronounced /o'li:mʹ, o'lu:/ in WM Irish. The original text had d'ollamhuigheadar, possibly suggesting /dolə'vi:dər/. os cómhair: “in front of”. Pronounced /ɑs ko:rʹ/. pearsa: “person”, but often by extension “appearance, features, bearing”. Pearsa is ultimately derived, as with cognates in all European languages, from the ancient Etruscan phersu, “face mask”. The dative is pearsain. púicín: “blindfold, mask; camouflage”. radharc: “view, sight”, pronounced /rəirk/. réiltín: “star”, or réalta in GCh. This is a former diminutive that has become the standard form of the word in WM Irish. saghas: “sort, kind”. Pronounced /səis/. saibhreas: “wealth”, pronounced /sevʹirʹəs/. sainnt: “greed”; pronounced /saintʹ/. saoire: “day of rest, holiday”. Lá saoire, “holiday; a holy day of obligation”. saol: “world”. Saeil is used in the genitive here, as the mid‑twentieth‑century spelling change has introduced inconsistencies: the genitive is spelt saoil in GCh, which would give the wrong WM pronunciation. Teacht ar an saol, “to come into the world, be born”. scoláire: “scholar, pupil”. The pronunciation is /sklɑ:rʹhi/, but this is not shown in the spelling of the original text. scrúdam, scrúdadh: “to examine, study”. Both first- and second-conjugation forms of this verb are found in PUL's works. seisean: the emphatic third‑person pronoun (masculine). Pronounced /ʃiʃən/. so‑thuisceanta: “comprehensible, easy to understand”. Compare sothuigthe in GCh. soíscéal: “gospel”. Pronounced /si:ʃ'kʹe:l/. sórd: “sort”, or sórt in GCh. spionnadh: “vigour, liveliness”. Spionnadh ' chur ann, “to envigorate, animate”. spriocaim, spriocadh: the verb spriocaim exists in GCh only in the meaning “to fix, arrange”, but is used in WM Irish to mean “to inspire”, a meaning that is covered by spreagaim in GCh. stábla: “stable”, pronounced /stɑ:bələ/. suaimhneas: “peace, quietness”, pronounced /suənʹəs/. tairbhe: “benefit”, pronounced /tɑrʹifʹi/. targaireacht: “prophecy”, or tairngreacht in GCh. Pronounced /tɑrəgirʹəxt/. tarna: “second”, or dara in GCh. thoir: “east”. Ón ndomhan toir, “from the east/from the Orient”, delenites the th after a dental. tispeánaim, tispeáint: “to show”. PUL consistently wrote this word with a broad t, as it stands in GCh, but IWM (see the note to §368) shows the pronunciation is /tʹis'pʹɑ:nimʹ, tʹis'pʹa:ntʹ/ (or /tʹi'ʃa:nimʹ, tʹi'ʃa:ntʹ/) in WM Irish. tosach: “beginning, front”, pronounced /tə'sɑx/. trioblóid: “trouble”, pronounced /trʹubə'lo:dʹ/. tuairisc: “news, account, description”. Tuairisc duine ' chur ar, “to ask someone's whereabouts”. uachtar: “top”. An lámh uachtair a dh'fháil ar, “to get the upper hand over”. úmhlaím, úmhlú: “to humble”. Pronounced /u:'li:mʹ, u:'lu:/.
Last edited by djwebb2021 on Tue 07 Jan 2025 6:58 pm, edited 1 time in total.
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