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Am I alright ini saying: Ar dochtúir thú? or would I have to say something like an raibh tú i do dochtúir?
The forms of the copula that are in the past or conditional usually lenite:
Ar dhochtúir thú?
An raibh tú i do dHochtúir? is also right.
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also when introducing a subordinate clause am I right in thinking that you use gur for both present and past? If so, and forgive my ignorance here, how would one tell the difference between the following:
Deir sé gur dochtúir thú - He says that you are a doctor.
Deir sé gur dochtúir thú - He says you were a doctor.
the 2nd one should be "Deir sé gur dhochtúir thú" if you want it to be in the past.
You can also say "Deir sé gur d(h)ochtúir a bhí ionat" etc (since you can say both "Is dochtúir a bhí ionat" and "Ba d(h)ochtúir a bhí ionat").